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The main purpose of a wad in a shotgun shell is to seal gases behind the shot. When a shotgun shell is fired, the ignited gunpowder creates high-pressure gases that propel the shot (pellets) out of the barrel. The wad, often made of plastic or fiber, sits between the shot and the powder charge. By sealing the space between the shot and the powder, the wad ensures that the pressure generated by the burning powder is utilized effectively to drive the shot out of the barrel with maximum efficiency. This sealing action helps create a better, more consistent shot pattern and reduces the amount of unburned powder that could otherwise escape into the air.

In contrast, while a wad may assist in holding the pellet back during the firing process, its primary role is focused on sealing gases. The ignition of the powder charge is performed by the primer rather than the wad, and the crimp serves to hold everything together in the shell rather than being a function of the wad. Therefore, the sealing function of the wad is critical for ensuring optimal performance of the shotgun load.